Lazy Parallel Processing and Visualization of Large Data with ImgLib2, BigDataViewer, the N5-API, and Spark

In this notebook, we will learn about the various ways in which ImgLib2 is lazy.

First let’s add the necessary dependencies. We will use ImageJ to load example images and to generate RenderedImage outputs that we can use to render in the notebook. Then, we will import ImgLib2 and the modules to share data between ImgLib2 and ImageJ and the imglib2-realtransform module that includes various transformations.

Code

%mavenRepo scijava.public https://maven.scijava.org/content/groups/public
%maven org.scijava:scijava-common:2.99.0
%maven net.imglib2:imglib2:7.1.2
%maven net.imglib2:imglib2-realtransform:4.0.3
%maven net.imglib2:imglib2-ij:2.0.3
//%maven jitk:jitk-tps:3.0.4

//%mavenRepo scijava.public https://maven.scijava.org/content/groups/public
//%maven org.janelia.saalfeldlab:n5-ij:4.2.5
//%maven jitk:jitk-tps:3.0.4
//%maven net.imglib2:imglib2-realtransform:4.0.3

import ij.*;
import io.github.spencerpark.jupyter.kernel.display.common.*;
import io.github.spencerpark.jupyter.kernel.display.mime.*;
import net.imglib2.*;
import net.imglib2.img.imageplus.*;
import net.imglib2.img.display.imagej.*;
import net.imglib2.view.*;

Let’s open one of ImageJ’s example images and show it in the notebook. This uses Spencer Park’s image renderer:

Code

var imp = IJ.openImage("./clown.jpg");
imp.getBufferedImage();

If we want to work with this image in ImgLib2, we need to provide it as an ImgLib2 interface:

Code

var imp = IJ.openImage("./clown.jpg");
// for later use without the compiler losing its mind, we must provide type information
// for the ImagePlus wrapper, so let's not use var here
RandomAccessibleInterval<?> rai = ImagePlusImgs.from(imp);
rai;

IntImagePlus [320x200]

There is no default renderer for ImgLib2 interfaces available to the notebook kernel, so we see a default String representation of the result (when rendering this cell the first time). So let’s register some simple renderers that use ImgLib2’s ImageJ bridge and Spencer Park’s image renderer to render ImgLib2 data into the notebook. We add a version that renders the first 2D slice of a RandomAccessibleInterval and a second version that renders a default interval 512x512+0+0 of the 2D slice at position 0 in all other dimensions of an infinite RandomAccessible.

Code

getKernelInstance().getRenderer().createRegistration(RandomAccessibleInterval.class)
        .preferring(MIMEType.IMAGE_PNG)
        .supporting(MIMEType.IMAGE_JPEG, MIMEType.IMAGE_GIF)
        .register((rai, context) -> Image.renderImage(
                ImageJFunctions.wrap(rai, rai.toString()).getBufferedImage(),
                context));

getKernelInstance().getRenderer().createRegistration(RandomAccessible.class)
        .preferring(MIMEType.IMAGE_PNG)
        .supporting(MIMEType.IMAGE_JPEG, MIMEType.IMAGE_GIF)
        .register((ra, context) -> Image.renderImage(
                ImageJFunctions.wrap(
                        Views.interval(
                                ra,
                                new FinalInterval(
                                        Arrays.copyOf(
                                                new long[]{1024, 1024},
                                                ra.numDimensions()))),
                        ra.toString()).getBufferedImage(),
                context));

Now let’s try the same again:

Code

var imp = IJ.openImage("./clown.jpg");
// for later use without the compiler losing its mind, we must provide type information
// for the ImagePlus wrapper, so let's not use var here
RandomAccessibleInterval<?> rai = ImagePlusImgs.from(imp);
display(rai, "image/gif");
//display(rai, "image/jpeg");
//display(rai, "image/png");

IntImagePlus [320x200]

c31f118d-84df-431a-8427-9071cf7bbfc2

Ok, great! Let’s try the ‘infinite’ version:

Code

var ra = Views.extendPeriodic(rai);
ra;

Wonderful! We can of course still render a String representation or alternative encodings with the injected display methods of the kernel:

Code

display(rai, "text/plain");
display(ra, "text/plain");
display(rai, "image/jpeg");
display(ra, "image/gif");

IntImagePlus [320x200]

net.imglib2.view.ExtendedRandomAccessibleInterval@6f43168e

net.imglib2.view.ExtendedRandomAccessibleInterval@6f43168e

8e85d9d6-45bc-45ec-998d-e997df357b33

You may have noticed that the output of this cell ends with an obscure identifier. We see this, because we did not catch the output of the display method which provides an identifier for the output object that it generates. This identifier can be used to update the contents of this object. We can use this to render simple animations, e.g. to slice through a 3D volume. Let’s try this with a 3D volume from the ImageJ example images:

Code

var imp = IJ.openImage("https://mirror.imagej.net/ij/images/flybrain.zip");
RandomAccessibleInterval<?> rai = ImagePlusImgs.from(imp);
var refSlice = display(Views.hyperSlice(rai, 2, rai.dimension(2) / 2), "image/jpeg");
var refLabel = display("slice " + rai.dimension(2) / 2);
for (int z = 0; z < rai.dimension(2); ++z) {
    var slice = Views.hyperSlice(rai, 2, z);
    updateDisplay(refSlice, slice, "image/jpeg");
    updateDisplay(refLabel, "slice " + z);
    Thread.sleep(100);
}
// for static notebook export
updateDisplay(refSlice, Views.hyperSlice(rai, 2, rai.dimension(2) / 2), "image/jpeg");

slice 56

Of course, you can only see the animation if you actually run the notebook cell. In a future iteration, we are planning to implement an animated GIF generator for offline animations, but not this time. Let’s see what else we can do with these renderers.

First, let’s apply some transformations to images. Already in the above border extension example as well as in the slicing animation, we have used ImgLib2’s default behavior to apply transformations lazily, i.e. only when a ‘pixel’ is actually queried (e.g. to render it into a RenderedImage raster), the transformations are applied. Transformations can be applied to both coordinates and values. Lets apply some transformations to values:

Code

import net.imglib2.converter.*;
import net.imglib2.type.numeric.*;

var imp = IJ.openImage("https://mirror.imagej.net/ij/images/clown.jpg");
RandomAccessibleInterval<ARGBType> rai = ImagePlusImgs.from(imp);
display(Converters.argbChannel(rai, 1));
display("red");
display(Converters.argbChannel(rai, 2));
display("green");
display(Converters.argbChannel(rai, 3));
display("blue");

display(
        Converters.<ARGBType, ARGBType>convert2(
                rai,
                (in, out) -> {
    
                    final int argb = in.get();
                    final double grey = 0.3 * ARGBType.red(argb) + 0.6 * ARGBType.green(argb) + 0.1 * ARGBType.blue(argb);
                    out.set(ARGBType.rgba(255 - grey, grey, grey, 255));
                },
                ARGBType::new));
display("grey to red-cyan ramp");

red

green

blue

grey to red-cyan ramp

9c8f0b27-8430-4370-b18b-c180f5776523

And now some integer coordinate transformations:

Code

display(Views.invertAxis(rai, 0));
display("flip axis 0");

display(Views.permute(rai, 0, 1));
display("permute axes");

display(Views.extendMirrorSingle(rai));
display("mirror extension without repeated border pixels");

display(Views.subsample(Views.shear(Views.extendPeriodic(rai), 0, 1), 3, 1));
display("extend periodically, shear axis 1 into axis 0, subsample by (3, 1)");

flip axis 0

permute axes

mirror extension without repeated border pixels

extend periodically, shear axis 1 into axis 0, subsample by (3, 1)

79980aa0-b459-45f1-b110-5c124e6b8af0

While most trivial integer transformations such as flipping axes work on intervals, you probably noticed that we had to extend the image to infinity in order to shear it, so ImgLib2 can provide values for coordinates outside of the source interval. For real coordinate transformations we will also need to interpolate values at non-integer coordinates. Finally, in order to render the result, we have to read it from a raster. Let’s do this:

Code

import net.imglib2.interpolation.randomaccess.*;
import net.imglib2.realtransform.*;

var imp = IJ.openImage("https://mirror.imagej.net/ij/images/clown.jpg");
RandomAccessibleInterval<ARGBType> rai = ImagePlusImgs.from(imp);
var ra = Views.extendValue(rai, new ARGBType(0xff00ff00)); // < green background
var interpolated = Views.interpolate(ra, new ClampingNLinearInterpolatorFactory<>()); // n-linear interpolation
/**
 * This would be
 * var interpolated = Views.interpolate(ra, new NLinearInterpolatorFactory<>());
 * if you have no concern about value overflows
 */
var affine = new AffineTransform2D();
var transformed = Views.interval(RealViews.affine(interpolated, affine), rai); // shortcut for affines
var refImage = display(transformed, "image/jpeg");
var refLabel = display("", "text/html");

final int steps = 20;
for (int i = 0; i < steps; ++i) {
    affine.translate(-rai.dimension(0) / 2, -rai.dimension(1) / 2);
    affine.rotate(Math.PI / 6.0 / steps);
    affine.scale(1.0 + 0.7 / steps);
    affine.translate(rai.dimension(0) / 2, rai.dimension(1) / 2);
    
    updateDisplay(refImage, Views.interval(transformed, rai), "image/jpeg");
    updateDisplay(
            refLabel,
            String.format("""
                            <p>affine transformation matrix:</p>
                            <table>
                            <tr><td>%.2f</td><td>%.2f</td><td>%.2f</td></tr>
                            <tr><td>%.2f</td><td>%.2f</td><td>%.2f</td></tr>
                            </table>""",
                    affine.get(0, 0), affine.get(0, 1), affine.get(0, 2),
                    affine.get(1, 0), affine.get(1, 1), affine.get(1, 2)), "text/html");
    Thread.sleep(100);
}

affine transformation matrix:

1.72	-0.99	-16.22
0.99	1.72	-231.50

Affine transformation are probably the most well known and simple real coordinate transformations, but there are many more. Let’s try a ThinplateSplineTransform and format text output with markdown:

Code

var refImage = display(rai, "image/jpeg");
var refLabel = display("", "text/markdown");

int steps = 20;
double stretch = 40;
for (int i = 0; i < steps; ++i) {
    final double offset = stretch * i / steps;
    final double[][] p = {
            {0, rai.dimension(0), 0, rai.dimension(0), rai.dimension(0) * 0.25, rai.dimension(0) * 0.75, rai.dimension(0) * 0.25, rai.dimension(0) * 0.75},
            {0, 0, rai.dimension(1), rai.dimension(1), rai.dimension(1) * 0.25, rai.dimension(1) * 0.25, rai.dimension(1) * 0.75, rai.dimension(1) * 0.75}
    };
    final double[][] q = {
            {0, rai.dimension(0), 0, rai.dimension(0),
            rai.dimension(0) * 0.25 + offset , rai.dimension(0) * 0.75 - offset, rai.dimension(0) * 0.25 + offset, rai.dimension(0) * 0.75 - offset},
            {0, 0, rai.dimension(1), rai.dimension(1),
            rai.dimension(1) * 0.25 + offset, rai.dimension(1) * 0.25 + offset, rai.dimension(1) * 0.75 - offset, rai.dimension(1) * 0.75 - offset}
    };
    final var transform = new ThinplateSplineTransform(p, q);
    final var warped = new RealTransformRandomAccessible<>(interpolated, transform);
    String text = """
thinplate spline transformation controls points:
            
| | p<sub>x</sub> | p<sub>y</sub> | q<sub>x</sub> | q<sub>y</sub> |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
""";
    for (int j = 0; j < p[0].length; ++j)
        text += String.format("""
| %d | %.2f | %.2f | %.2f | %.2f |
""",
                j, p[0][j], p[1][j], q[0][j], q[1][j]);                

    updateDisplay(refImage, Views.interval(warped, rai), "image/jpeg");
    updateDisplay(refLabel, text, "text/markdown");

    Thread.sleep(100);
}

thinplate spline transformation controls points:

	p_x	p_y	q_x	q_y
0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
1	320.00	0.00	320.00	0.00
2	0.00	200.00	0.00	200.00
3	320.00	200.00	320.00	200.00
4	80.00	50.00	118.00	88.00
5	240.00	50.00	202.00	88.00
6	80.00	150.00	118.00	112.00
7	240.00	150.00	202.00	112.00

SLF4J: Failed to load class "org.slf4j.impl.StaticLoggerBinder".
SLF4J: Defaulting to no-operation (NOP) logger implementation
SLF4J: See http://www.slf4j.org/codes.html#StaticLoggerBinder for further details.